31 July
Maximilian II
Christopher Columbus
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31 July |
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| Saraceens hijacker Leo van Tripoli occupies & plunders Thessalonica | ||
| St Sixtus III begins his reign as Catholic Pope | ||
| 1291 Egyptian Mamelukken occupies Akko, crusaders driven out of Palestine | ||
| 1443 Albrecht III of Saxon-Meisen, duke of Saxon was born | ||
| 1498 Christopher Columbus, on his third voyage to the New World, discovered an island which he named Trinidad. | ||
| 1527 Maximilian II, German King/Emperor (1564-76) was born | ||
| 1588 English fleet beats Spanish Armada | ||
| 1620 Pilgrim Fathers depart (through England) to America |
Maximilian II |
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| 1653 Fronde-leaders surrender in Bordeaux | ||
| 1667 Peace of Breda: 2nd English war-Suriname vs New-Netherlands ends | ||
| 1718 Battle at Cape Passaro: English fleet destroys Spanish | ||
| 1737 Prince Frederick of Wales escapes English court | ||
| 1751 Fire in Stockholm destroys 1,000 houses | ||
| 1771 Paul Potters "Great ossendrift" sold for Ÿ9050 in Amsterdam | ||
| 1774 Joseph Priestley discovers oxygen | ||
| 1777 Marquis de Lafayette, 19, made major-general of Continental Army | ||
| 1794 All Jacobijnse clubs together in Haarlem | ||
| 1813 British invade Plattsburgh NY | ||
| 1830 Charles X of France resigns by force | ||
| 1844 Ignazio Guidi, Italian orientalist/archaeologist was born | ||
| 1901 Abraham Kuyper becomes premier of Netherlands | ||
| 1905 Matumbi rebellion at Samanga German East Africa | ||
| 1911 Hungarian education is only taught in German | ||
| 1914 German Emperor Wilhelm II threatens war, orders Russia to demobilize | ||
| 1914 Oil discovered in Lake of Maracaibo | ||
| 1919 Primo Levi, Italy, chemist/writer (Survival in Aushchwitz) was born | ||
| 1919 Germany accepts Weimar Constitution | ||
| 1922 Italy's general strike against fascist violence | ||
| 1923 Belgian Chamber discusses bilinguality at Ghent University | ||
| 1925 Last allied occupying troops leave Ruhrgebied | ||
| 1926 Afghanistan and the Soviet Union signed a mutual non-aggression pact. | ||
| 1929 Aristide Briand becomes premier of France | ||
| 1932 George Washington quarter goes into circulation |
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| 1936 Tokyo Japan is awarded the 1940 Olympics (later cancelled) | ||
| 1940 Riech's commissar Seyss-Inquart bans homosexuals | ||
| 1941 U boats sink 21 allied ships this month: 94,000 ton | ||
| 1942 German SS gases 1,000 Jews in Minsk, Belorussia | ||
| 1943 Transport nr 58 departs with French Jews to nazi Germany | ||
| 1944 US troops occupy Sansapor New-Guinea | ||
| 1958 Anti-Chinese uprising in Tibet | ||
| 1962 Federation of Malaysia forms | ||
| 1963 Arturo Illia elected president of Argentina | ||
| 1964 the American space probe Ranger 7 transmitted pictures of the moon's surface. | ||
| 1969 Pope Paul VI visited Uganda, marking the first time a pontiff had visited Africa. | ||
| 1973 Delta Airlines DC-9 crashes in fog at Logan Airport, Boston, | Christopher Columbus |
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| 1975 Former U.S. Teamsters Union President James Hoffa was reported missing. He was declared "presumed dead" on December 8, 1982. | ||
| 1977 E Henry Knoche, ends term as deputy director of CIA | ||
| 1977 John F Blake promoted from acting to deputy director of CIA | ||
| 1978 Gunman shoots his way into Iraqi Embassy in Paris | ||
| 1980 USSR performs nuclear Test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR | ||
| 1981 A seven-week-old Major League Baseball strike in the United States ended. | ||
| 1981 Arnette Hubbard installed as 1st woman president of Natl Bar Assn | ||
| 1984 Venz commandos terminate hijacking of an aircraft, 2 killed | ||
| 1987 Battle between Iranian pilgrims & Saudi-Arabian troops, 402 killed | ||
| 1989 A pro-Iranian group in Lebanon released a video alleged to show the body of U.S. hostage William R. Higgins dangling from a rope. | ||
| 1990 Bosnia-Hercegovina declares independence | ||
| 1991 Russia & US sign long range nuclear weapons reduction pact | ||
| 1991 Senate votes to allow women to fly combat aircraft | ||
| 1992 Thai Airbus crashes into mountain at Kathmandu, 113 die | ||
| 1994 The U.N. Security Council authorized the use of force in Haiti, clearing the way for a U.S.-led invasion of the country to restore exiled Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide to power. | ||
C.H. OSTFELD INC.